List of chip foundries and related companies in India, along with their location and manufacturing capability

1. Semiconductor Complex Limited (SCL) - Mohali, Punjab - 180 nm, 90 nm, and 65 nm

2. Hindustan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (HSMC) - Prantij, Gujarat - 14 nm

3. Sahasra Semiconductor - Bangalore, Karnataka - 180 nm to 22 nm

4. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) - Bangalore, Karnataka - 180 nm to 65 nm

5. Centum Electronics Limited - Bangalore, Karnataka - 180 nm to 90 nm    

6. MosChip Semiconductor Technology - Hyderabad, Telangana - 180 nm to 22 nm
    
7. Analogics Tech India Ltd - Hyderabad, Telangana - 180 nm to 22 nm
    
8. Sankalp Semiconductor Pvt. Ltd. - Hubli, Karnataka - 180 nm to 22 nm
    
9. Ineda Systems - Hyderabad, Telangana - 28 nm
    
10. Vayavya Labs - Bangalore, Karnataka - 180 nm to 28 nm
    
11. TowerJazz Panasonic Semiconductor India (TPSI) - Noida, Uttar Pradesh - 180 nm to 45 nm
    
12. STMicroelectronics India - Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh - 130 nm to 45 nm
    
13. Intel India - Bangalore, Karnataka - 10 nm to 45 nm
    
14. GlobalFoundries India - Bangalore, Karnataka - 14 nm to 45 nm
    
15. Texas Instruments India - Bangalore, Karnataka - 180 nm to 45 nm

It's worth noting that these manufacturing capabilities are approximate and can vary depending on the specific processes and technologies used by each company. Additionally, some of these companies may have capabilities beyond the ranges listed above, but these are the approximate ranges based on publicly available information.[CHATGPT Derived]

What nm chips are usually required in domestic appliances like refrigerators, TV and washing machine etc

The semiconductor chips used in domestic appliances like refrigerators, TVs, washing machines, and other household appliances tend to be larger and less complex than the chips used in high-end computing and mobile devices.

• Typically, these types of appliances use chips that are manufactured using older process technologies, such as 90nm, 65nm, or 45nm. These larger process technologies allow for the production of simpler and less power-hungry chips, which are sufficient for the relatively low computational demands of these appliances.

• For example, a modern refrigerator might use a chip manufactured using a 90nm or 65nm process technology, which would be capable of running the basic control functions and sensors required for the fridge's operation.

• Similarly, a TV or washing machine might use chips manufactured using a 45nm process technology or older, which would be capable of running the device's basic functions, such as power management, audio and video processing, and other control functions.

• Refrigerators: 90nm or 65nm

• TVs: 45nm or 65nm

• Washing machines: 45nm or 65nm

• Smartphones: 5nm to 14nm

• Laptops: 5nm to 14nm

• Gaming consoles: 7nm to 14nm

• Wi-Fi routers: 40nm to 90nm

• Digital cameras: 65nm to 90nm

• Home theater systems: 45nm to 65nm

• Fitness trackers: 28nm to 40nm

• Dishwashers: 45nm to 65nm

• Speakers: 65nm to 90nm

• Earphones: 40nm to 65nm

• Cars and vehicles: 28nm to 40nm (for automotive chips)

• Trucks: 28nm to 40nm (for automotive chips)

• Electric pumps: 65nm to 90nm

• Motors: 65nm to 90nm

• Generators: 45nm to 65nm

• Tablets: 5nm to 10nm

• Kindle book readers: 40nm to 90nm

• Digital clocks: 65nm to 90nm

• Smart watches: 28nm to 40nm

• Keyboards: 65nm to 90nm

• Mouse: 65nm to 90nm

• Monitors: 28nm to 40nm

• Processors: 5nm to 14nm

• Graphic cards: 7nm to 16nm

• Digital display boards: 28nm to 40nm

• Microphones: 65nm to 90nm

• CCTV cameras: 28nm to 40nm

• Web cameras: 28nm to 40nm

• LED tube lights: 65nm to 90nm

• LED bulbs: 65nm to 90nm

• Smart bulbs: 40nm to 65nm

HOW MUCH WATER IS USED IN MANUFACTURING A CHIP?

The amount of water used in manufacturing a chip can vary depending on several factors, including the size of the chip, the production process, and the location of the manufacturing facility.

• However, chip manufacturing is a highly water-intensive process, and it can take thousands of gallons of water to produce a single chip. Estimates suggest that producing a single 8-inch semiconductor wafer can require up to 2,000 gallons of ultra-pure water.

• The water used in chip manufacturing is primarily used for cooling and cleaning purposes, and it must be of the highest purity to avoid contaminating the chips. Water is used to clean the wafers and equipment, remove debris and contaminants, and cool the equipment during manufacturing.

• To conserve water, semiconductor manufacturers typically use advanced water recycling and treatment systems that capture and treat wastewater for reuse in the manufacturing process.

• In some cases, manufacturers may also use alternative cooling technologies that require less water, such as air-cooled systems or closed-loop cooling systems.

• Overall, while the amount of water used in chip manufacturing can vary, it is a significant consideration for manufacturers who must balance the need for water with the need for high-quality chip production.

COUNTRIES INVOLVED FOR VARIOUS PROCESSES IN CHIP MANUFACTURING

The manufacturing of computer chips involves a complex global supply chain that spans multiple countries. Here are some of the countries that are involved in various processes in chip manufacturing:

• Raw Material Procurement: The raw materials used in chip manufacturing, such as silicon wafers, chemicals, and gases, are sourced from various countries, including the United States, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea.

• Fabrication: The fabrication process involves several complex processes, including photolithography, etching, deposition, and doping, among others. These processes typically take place in facilities known as "fabs," which are located in countries such as the United States, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and China.

• Testing: The testing of chips is a critical process to ensure that they meet the required specifications. Testing facilities are located in several countries, including the United States, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and China.

• Packaging: The packaging of chips typically takes place in facilities located in countries such as Taiwan, China, and the United States.

• Distribution: The final stage of the supply chain involves the distribution of chips to end-users, which can include original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), distributors, and retailers. Distribution centers are located in various countries worldwide, including the United States, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and Europe.

Overall, chip manufacturing is a highly globalized industry that relies on the efficient coordination of multiple countries and regions throughout the supply chain.

SUPPLY CHAIN IN CHIP MANUFACTURING

Supply chain in chip manufacturing involves the coordination of various processes and activities involved in the production of semiconductors. A semiconductor is a material that can conduct electricity in certain conditions and is used in the manufacturing of computer chips, electronic devices, and other products.

• The supply chain in chip manufacturing involves several stages, including raw material procurement, fabrication, testing, packaging, and distribution.

• The first stage involves the procurement of raw materials, which includes silicon wafers, chemicals, and gases. These materials are sourced from various suppliers worldwide, and their quality must meet specific standards to ensure high-quality chip production.

• Once the raw materials are sourced, the fabrication process begins. This involves the use of cleanroom facilities, where the silicon wafers undergo a series of complex processes to create the individual transistors that make up the chips. These processes include photolithography, etching, deposition, and doping, among others.

• After fabrication, the chips undergo testing to ensure they meet the required specifications. This involves a series of tests that check the electrical performance, functionality, and reliability of the chips. Defective chips are identified and removed from the supply chain.

• The next stage involves the packaging of the chips, which involves placing them into a protective casing or chip carrier. The packaged chips are then tested again to ensure they are fully functional and meet the required specifications.

• Finally, the chips are distributed to the end-users, which may be original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), distributors, or retailers. The supply chain must be carefully managed to ensure that the right quantity of chips is delivered to the right location at the right time.

• In summary, supply chain management in chip manufacturing involves the coordination of various processes and activities involved in the production of semiconductors, from the procurement of raw materials to the distribution of finished products. Effective supply chain management is critical to ensure high-quality chip production, timely delivery, and customer satisfaction.

My Phd Theses Titled "Blockchain enabled cyber physical Systems on distributed storage"

Shodhganga  is a reservoir and a digital repository of theses and dissertations submitted to universities in India for award of PhDs

https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/451919 my theses on Shodganga available online now...if anyone interested to see and comment or discuss